indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
one more time; once more; once again
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to roll; to tumble; to fall over; to roll over; to lie down; to be scattered about; to be lying around
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
how; in what way; how about
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!