indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
to span; to bridge; to cross; to straddle
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
tear; tears; lachrymal secretion; sympathy
to be reflected; to harmonize with (harmonise); to come out (photo); to be projected; to be displayed (on a screen)
to bloom; to flower; to blossom; to open
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to