indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
large hole; big deficit; heavy losses; long-shot win (in horse racing, etc.); big winnings (on a long shot)
directly under; falling perpendicularly
to pile up; to stack up; to accumulate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
the four cardinal directions; north, east, south and west; surroundings; many countries; the whole world; all around; here and there
to be scattered about; to disperse; to be littered (with)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
by means of; due to; because of; according to
lower floor; downstairs; bottom of the stairs; foot of the stairs
to blow away; to blow off; to dispel; to drive away; to talk big
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have