indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
university; college; former imperial university of Japan (established under the ritsuryō system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
more than most people; more than other people; compared with other people; more than others
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
a little; some; somewhat; amount; quantity; number
your house; your home; your husband; your organization; you
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
self-awareness; awareness (of one's position, abilities, duty, etc.); perceiving (something); taking in (a sensation); self-consciousness
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
animation; animated film; animated cartoon; anime
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
serious; earnest; sober; honest; sincere
to grapple with; to wrestle with; to engage in a bout; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to come to grips with; to work hard on
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
fast (walking); quick; brisk; quick (passing of time); rapid; swift
to give up on; to turn one's back on; to abandon; to forsake; to desert; to leave
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
future; (future) prospects; bringing (from abroad, another region, etc.); bringing about; giving rise to
ground leveling; ground levelling; groundwork; laying foundations
thinking so highly of someone that you are blind to their faults; thinking the sun shines out of someone's eyes; being the apple of one's eye; loving someone dearly
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to cherish; to treasure; to prize; to take good care of; to look after
taking an examination (esp. for entrance to a school or university)