indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
paving (a road); surfacing (with asphalt, concrete, etc.); pavement
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(in a) long time; long time (ago); while (ago); long ago; long while (ago); (in a) long while
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
inside the breast of one's clothing (esp. kimono); bosom; space between one's chest and outstretched arms; (one's) reach; heart (e.g. of a mountain); bosom (e.g. of nature)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
with a feeling of relief; with a sigh of relief; deeply (sigh)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
one's house; one's home; one's family
imagination; supposition; guess
bath; bathing; bathhouse; public bath; room for drying lacquerware; base (wooden joint connecting the blade of a hoe, spade, etc., to the handle)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to look forward to something
while; even though; despite
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to quiet; to calm down; to compose oneself; to settle down