Holy City (e.g. Jerusalem, Mecca)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
fifth day of the month; five days
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
eleven; 11; jack (playing card); Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); Horsfield's hawk cuckoo
suffix for room numbers; suffix for apartment numbers
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
search; lookup; hunt; (item of) research; exploration; investigation
party; group; troop; one act; one action; one deed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
royal capital; imperial capital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
of course; certainly; naturally
highly virtuous monk; monk; Buddhist solitary; Buddhist missionary; saint (i.e. a virtuous person); (arch.) emperor; master
mark; sign; symbol; emblem; badge; crest
form; shape; state; condition; letter; correspondence
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
almost; roughly; approximately
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
... being the case; (precisely) because ...; as might be expected from ...
considerably; fairly; quite
scale; scope; plan; structure
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
itself; one's own body; oneself; originally; naturally
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
western direction; Western Pure Land (Amitabha's Buddhist paradise); western fighter in a match (e.g. sumo)
various countries; various regions; various provinces
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
average; mean; balance; equilibrium
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question