feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
(telephone) call; (telephone) ring; shout; call; call loan (e.g. 30-day call); call money
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
now; the present time; just now; another; more
person; character; one's character; one's personality; able person; talented person
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
stairs; stairway; staircase
to be amazed; to be shocked; to be astonished; to be astounded; to be disgusted; to be exasperated
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
large build; large pattern
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
cane; walking stick; staff; wand
to prick; to stab; to poke; to prod; to use (a cane); to prop oneself up with
while; during; while; although; all; both
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
noisy; loud; boisterous; turbulent; unsettled; restless
adds force or indicates command