somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
last drink (of sake); last glass; last cup
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
troop headquarters; stronghold; inn designated for use by a daimyo (Edo period)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
as soon as...; just after...; immediately after...; hurriedly; in haste; quickly
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to glare at; to scowl at; to stare intensely at; to examine carefully; to estimate; to guess
near; close; beside; third person
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to dribble; to spill; to suspend; to hang down; to slouch
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
impressiveness; impact; force; intensity; appeal; strength
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
obvious; clear; plain; evident; apparent; explicit
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
of course; certainly; naturally
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
even if; even though; even; too; whether ... or ...; no matter (what, where, who, etc.)
showing no concern at all; being not at all bothered; devil-may-care attitude
fortitude; firmness of character; hardihood; manliness
dull (e.g. a knife); blunt; thickheaded; obtuse; dull (sound, color, etc.); dim (light)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
that kind of; of the sort; of the kind; such