indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
Franz; Franc; Francis; Frantz
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
entertainment (of guests; esp. in the corporate world); treating (to food and drinks); wining and dining
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
array; muster; line-up; full force
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
really; truly; indeed; good grief
among these; between these; of these; in here; in this
number one; first; best; most; game; round
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
denotes uncertainty; such things as A and B; A and B and so on; A and B and the like