indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
feng (male Chinese firebird)
that kind of; of the sort; of the kind; such
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
(real) ability; true strength; merit; arms; force
difference; variation; difference
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
all that one has; all that there is; the whole
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
possible; potential; practicable; feasible
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ignoring; acting as if it is nothing
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
same; similar; (just) like; equal
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
as many as one likes; as much as one likes; great many; plenty; almost (none); (not) much
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
given that ... it is only natural that ...; ... being the case, it is unavoidable that ...; (precisely) because ...; contrary to expectations ...
to restrict; to limit; to be restricted to; to be limited to; to be best (for); to be the best plan
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at