indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
by means of; due to; because of; according to
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to create; to bring forth; to invent; to think up and bring into being; to give birth to; to bear
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
just (now); quite (near); unintentionally; subconsciously
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
even; if only; if just; as long as; the only thing needed
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
rich (in flavor, color, smell, etc.); thick; very likely; highly possible; passionate; hot
to drift; to float; to waft (e.g. a scent); to hang in the air; to be in the air (e.g. a feeling or mood); to wander; to walk around aimlessly
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
mistake; error; accident; mishap; improper conduct (e.g. between man and woman); indiscretion
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
easily; readily; quickly; lightly (seasoned food, applied make-up, etc.); plainly; simply
now that you mention it; come to think of it; that reminds me; on that subject; speaking of which
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to attempt; to test; to try out
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
addition; supplement; appending; appendix