indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
strife; riot; (media) uproar; brouhaha; feud; tussle
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
January; first month of the lunar calendar
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to pass (of time); to elapse
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
early morning; early hours; early in the morning
to get (much) colder; to deepen (cold); to feel cold (of the body); to be chilled to the bones; to worsen (of relations, economic conditions, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
cheerful; jovial; weather; season; spirit of yang
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cherry blossom viewing; flower viewing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
courtyard; quadrangle; middle court
to lie down; to throw oneself down
pillow; bolster; introduction (e.g. to a rakugo story); lead-in