indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
silence; being silent; quiet; reticence; inaction
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
cooperation; collaboration
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
single word; a few words; brief comment
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
document; official papers
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to throw; to fling; to heave; to toss
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
to turn towards; to point
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
Ming dynasty (China, 1368-1644)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
same; similar; (just) like; equal
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
together with; same; both; all; including ...
sharp (blade); pointed; sharp (pain); stabbing; perceptive; keen
middle; halfway; half (of); one half; half (e.g. done, jokingly); partly
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
even; if only; if just; as long as; the only thing needed
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to mishear; to hear wrongly; to misunderstand
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
civil war; insurrection; rebellion; domestic conflict
participation; joining; entry; adherence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed