indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
function; facility; faculty; feature
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
supremacy (over a nation); hegemony; domination; championship; victory
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
special; particular; peculiar; unique
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
putting into operation; invocation
test; trial; probation; ordeal; tribulation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
Dragon King; promoted rook
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
ancient time; age of the gods
hate; hate crime; hate speech; racism
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
control (of a machine, device, etc.); control (over an opponent, one's emotions, etc.); governing; management