indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell