indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
woman; female; feminine gender
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
craftsman; artisan; tradesman; worker; workman
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation