indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to dash over oneself (e.g. water); to take (e.g. shower); to bask in (e.g. the sun); to suffer (e.g. an attack); to draw (e.g. criticism, attention, praise); to have heaped upon
glittering; sparkling; glistening; twinkling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
while; during; while; although; all; both
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to glide; to slide (e.g. on skis); to fail (an examination); to bomb (when telling a joke); to drop; to go down
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
aviation; flight; flying; to fly; to take a flight
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
(it) goes without saying; needn't be said; that should rather be left unsaid
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
as far as the eye can see
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cloudy sky; overcast sky; cloudy weather
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
extreme cold; intense cold; coldest season; midwinter
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
while; even though; despite
to mutter; to murmur; to grumble; to tweet (Twitter)
reason; cause; circumstances
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
gorge; ravine; canyon; glen
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to divide (into); to split (into); to share; to distribute; to distinguish; to discriminate; to break up (a fight)
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe