beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
protagonist; main character; hero(ine) (of a story); head of household
vocation; lifework; sacred task (esp. the emperor's rule over the nation); prostitute of the second-highest class (Edo period)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; (arch.) five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou-dynasty Chinese army)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
your house; your home; your husband; your organization; you
system; lineage; corollary; system (range of strata that correspond to a particular time period); (taxonomical) series
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
incompetence; inefficiency; inability; incompetent person
denouncing; calling (e.g. somebody a thief); branding (as)
Naraka; Hell; very bottom; the end; trap room (of a theatre); below-stage basement
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
left arm; left-handed (baseball pitcher)
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
to skip (a class, responsibility, etc.); to shirk; to dodge; to break (a promise); to ignore
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
change of mind; inconstancy; apostasy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to arrive at (a certain outcome); to come to; to end with
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
while; even though; despite
the person in question; the person themselves; said person
reason; cause; circumstances
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
viewing as ...; seeing as ...; treating as ...; regarding as ...
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
labyrinth; maze; mystery; dungeon
repatriation; return; (electrical) feedback
clue; lead; key; handhold; hold
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
capture (of enemy territory); taking (by storm); defeating (an opponent); attacking (a problem) strategically
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life