indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
serving (of food); helping; chilled soba served on a dish (often on a wicker basket or in a shallow steaming basket) with dipping sauce
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
factory; plant; mill; workshop
management; administration; operation; running (business); conducting
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
occupation; calling; livelihood
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
son-in-law taken (adopted) into family
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
emergency; extraordinary; unusual
to be ready; to be prepared; to be in order; to be put in order; to be adjusted; to be regulated
(physical) appearance (of a person); one's face and figure
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
every person; every mouth; every entrance
envious; jealous; enviable (position, etc.)
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to