circumference; outskirts; environs; (computer) peripheral
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
growing en masse in one location (of plants); living gregariously (of animals); living in flocks, herds, colonies, etc.; all animate creation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
transactions; dealings; business
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
establishing; proving; ascertaining; identifying; confirming
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
damp ground; wetland; bog; marsh
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to go into; to come into; to penetrate; to become complicated
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to include (in a group or scope); to instruct; to make one understand; to include (a nuance); to put in (an implication); to put in (someone's) mouth
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
three times (as much); treble; triple; threefold
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
harvest; crop; ingathering; fruits (of one's labors); gain; result
calculation; reckoning; count; forecast
of course; certainly; naturally
on and after; as from; hereafter; thereafter; since
protection; safeguard; guardianship; preservation; conservation
to anticipate; to foresee
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
quality (of a product or a service)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
than; from; out of; except; but; more
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
human being; human; person; character (of a person)