indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to afflict; to torment; to harass; to molest
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
when it becomes; when it comes to
royal capital; imperial capital
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
educational institution; school; academy; campus
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
duty; obligation; responsibility
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
adult (esp. person 20 years old or over); grownup; becoming an adult; coming of age; growing up (to be a man, woman)
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
in comparison to; rather than
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
pupil; student; schoolchild
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
equality; impartiality; evenness
position; situation; viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
had better ...; had better not ...
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
middle of a month; second third of a month; 11th to 20th day of a month
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to