Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to wear; to be dressed in; to be adorned in; to clad oneself with
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to throw out one's chest; to be puffed up with pride
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
corridor; hallway; passageway
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
lady attendant; lady's maid; waiting maid
indiscriminately; blindly; at random; indiscriminate; random; excessive
to strike against; to collide with; to encounter; to meet; to clash
careless; thoughtless; rash; rude; at fault
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
unmanned; uninhabited; unattended; shorthandedness; lack of help
(shopping) cart; kart; go-kart
to face; to go towards; to head towards
racing noisily (in a car, motorcycle, etc.); roaring (e.g. down the street)