severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to soften; to calm down; to be eased; to be mitigated; to subside; to abate
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
sunlight; rays of the Sun
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rain incessantly; to downpour
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
loveable; very likeable; like very much
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
to slip out; to sneak away; to break into the lead; to get ahead; to begin to fall out (e.g. hair); to break out (of a loop)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
failure; mistake; blunder
sure to ...; certain to ...; bound to ...; it's natural that ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
always; all the time; never; usual; regular