indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
unmarried woman; Miss; -ess; -ette
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
wife; Mrs; (arch.) wife of a nobleman (aristocrat, etc.); (arch.) consort of the emperor
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
(your) daughter; young woman
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
honorific/polite/humble prefix
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case