indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
idea; plan; draft; rough copy; expectation; (arch.) desk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
class of demons; demonic race; family of demons
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
two persons; two people; pair; couple
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
holiday house; vacation home; villa; prison; jail
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she