to have a meal; to take a meal
while; during; while; although; all; both
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to discuss; to talk together
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
ceremony; rite; ritual; service
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
Leith; Leys; Raysse; Reiss
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation