indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come to an end; to close the curtain
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
man; male; masculine gender
blue; azure; green; pale; gray; unripe
good-looking; fair; beautiful
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
woman; female; feminine gender
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be playful; to gambol; to be amused (with something); to flirt with
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make light of; to ignore; to slight
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
people; (all) persons; you (usu. plural); various
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that