indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
transactions; dealings; business
assembly hall; meeting place; venue; grounds
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
party venue; place for a party; banquet hall
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
space (room, area, outer space)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pile up; to make a heap; to lay (e.g. bricks); to acquire (e.g. experience); to build (a reputation)
messy; confused; chaotic; complaining about various things
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
storehouse; warehouse; godown
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
to feel; to sense; to experience
left and right; right and left; (asserting) control; influence; one's attendants; people accompanying one
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
all that one has; all that there is; the whole
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
indeed; really; very; extremely; absolutely; certainly
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?