prefix for forming ordinal numbers
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
whim; caprice; whimsy; fickle; moody; uneven temper
Eikyō era (1429.9.5-1441.2.17)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
New Year (esp. first three days); first month of the year; January
route; road; distance travelled in a day; one's ... (age, e.g. 40s, 60s)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
flag; banner (administrative division of Inner Mongolia)
highway (esp. one existing from the Edo period); main road; highway (e.g. to success); path (to becoming ...); subdistrict (in China)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
preliminary inspection; having a look in advance; preparatory read-through (e.g. of lesson notes); siding (on a house); clapboard
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
emperor (of Japan); mikado
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
Imperial standard; (fig.) worthy cause
to put up (a notice, sign, etc.); to hang out (e.g. a banner); to hold up high; to raise overhead; to tout (a principle, plan, etc.); to herald; to publish
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
mochi; (sticky) rice cake
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
pumping up water (e.g. to a high place for energy storage)
device; instrument; vessel; container; ability; capacity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
of course; certainly; naturally