indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
doctor; PhD; exposition; fair; exhibition
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Kyūshū (southernmost of the four main islands of Japan)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
Hizen (former province located in present-day Saga and Nagasaki prefectures, excluding Tsushima and Oki Islands)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
family; relatives; dependents; household
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
Yamaguchi (city, prefecture)
indigenous person; inhabitant of a country; local; native; local lords and samurai; daimyo who did not leave his domains to meet the shogun in Kyoto (during the Muromachi period)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
dazaifu (under the ritsuryo system, governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that