indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
leading aristocrat; great house; grand seigneur; boyar
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
ten-year-old; ten year old
opportunity; chance; folding; fold; small food box (wooden or cardboard); folding in ... (two, three, etc.); counter for folded items
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
social standing of a family; lineage; parentage; good family
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
outward appearance; looks
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be ready; to be prepared; to be in order; to be put in order; to be adjusted; to be regulated
selfish; egoist; (arch.) self-indulgent; (arch.) wilful; (arch.) willful
haughty; arrogant; proud; stuck-up
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
beginning; start; outset; at first; at the beginning; initially
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
a few years ago; some years back
occurrence; happening; incident; event
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen