indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
passage (of time); elapsing; progress; development; transit
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
concentration; focusing; convergence; within a collection of works
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
discussion; talk; tête-à-tête; conference
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
poor (living); barely continuing; just scraping along; very narrow
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to collect; to assemble; to gather
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
three; three years of age
trend; course of action; directionality; directivity; directional; vectorial
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
intelligence gathering; information gathering
main; principal; main dish; main course; main part; principal part
secret information; intelligence
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
starting up (e.g. business, computer)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to build up; to complete; to construct; to make up; to fabricate; to invent
rood (measure of land area)
body; group; party; company; troupe
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
worldwide; global; international; world-famous; world-class
magnification; enlargement; expansion; amplification