Warring States period (of Japanese history, approx. 1467-1568 CE); Sengoku period; Warring States period (of Chinese history, 403-221 BCE); era of vicious competition
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
transmigration; reincarnation; metempsychosis
in accordance with; according to; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to distinguish oneself; to stand out
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
eastern army (e.g. in a civil war); Eastern Army (Battle of Sekigahara)
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
template; run of the mill; formulaic
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
winners (those who have succeeded socially, economically, etc.)
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
coming out; emerging; being born into (a certain family); being a native of (a particular place)
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
study; scholarship; learning; discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
live-in domestic service; live-in apprenticeship; public duty; public service
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Buddhist priest; bonze; close-cropped hair; crew cut; boy; sonny
future (usually near); prospects
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competiton in which there are several evenly-matched participants; hotly-contested game (match, market, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
intellectual; educated person; intelligentsia
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
winner; victor; conqueror
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to