indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
royal capital; imperial capital
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
third day of the month; three days
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
national border; provincial border
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
distance; journey; itinerary; path (e.g. to one's goal); way; process
journey; course; itinerary; stroke (of a piston); throw (of a switch)
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
demon; devil; evil spirit; monster; goblin; apparition
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
encounter; being confronted with (e.g. difficulty); meeting with (e.g. accident)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
degree; amount; grade; standard; of the order of (following a number); about
extermination; annihilation
daytime; during the day; time from sunrise until sunset; diurnal period
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
maintenance; servicing; putting in place; establishment; development
highway (esp. one existing from the Edo period); main road; highway (e.g. to success); path (to becoming ...); subdistrict (in China)
camping; campground; making camp
while; even though; despite
advance; moving forward; progress
ago; since; before; previous
present (e.g. government, administration); current; existing