indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
while; during; while; although; all; both
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
heather (plant); heath; heath; heathland