indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
royal castle; imperial castle
office (e.g. the Oval Office)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
the late king; the preceding king; good ancient kings
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
aid; help; assistance; assistant; counselor; counsellor
before very long; soon; someday; one of these days; sooner or later
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
counselor; counsellor; adviser; advisor
title (e.g. Doctor, Professor, Lord); job title; position (in a company); degree; status; rank
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
the front (of a battlefield); forefront
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to resign; to abandon; to step aside; to back out of; to retire; to get away
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
ministry; department; province (of China); saving; conserving
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to branch; to fork; to separate; to split; to disperse; to scatter
part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties