indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
eruption; volcanic eruption
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
very great; enormous; serious
House of Peers (Japan, Meiji constitution); House of Lords (UK)
member of an assembly; member of the Diet; member of parliament; member of Congress
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
congress; parliament; diet; legislative assembly
function; facility; faculty; feature
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
stoppage; coming to a stop; ceasing (movement, activity, etc.); suspension (of operations); suspension (of payment, licence, etc.); (temporary) prohibition
just before; on the verge of; on the brink of; just in front of; just ahead of
chair; chairman; chairperson; speaker (of an assembly); president (of a council, senate, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
shrewdness; sharpness; astuteness; acumen; tact
to swing; to wield (physically); to exercise (e.g. power, ability); to exhibit; to flourish; to prosper
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
by means of; due to; because of; according to
barely; narrowly; only just; with difficulty
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to bury (e.g. in the ground); to fill up (e.g. audience fills a hall); to cause to be packed; to plug (a gap); to stop (a gap); to make up for (a loss, shortage, etc.); to make amends
degree; amount; grade; standard; of the order of (following a number); about
restoration; rehabilitation; recovery; recovery (from an illness); recuperation; convalescence
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
to discuss; to talk together
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
I've heard that ...; rumour has it that ...; it appears as if ...
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
rod; pole; stick; fishing rod