indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
one day; (on) a certain day
order of chivalry; chivalric order
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
conference room; council room
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
rod; pole; stick; fishing rod
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to ask; to enquire; to inquire; to search; to look for; to look into
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
free ticket; free admission ticket
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
how long; how far; how much
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
men and women; man and woman; both sexes; both genders
(sudden) change; reversal; turn-around; coming from behind (baseball)
tea drinking; teahouse; tearoom; coffee lounge
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)