indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
early summer; fourth month of the lunar calendar
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
rainy season (in Japan usu. from early June to mid-July); rain during the rainy season
to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out; to be away from (e.g. one's house); to leave (temporarily); to dawn
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
family; members of a family
(being) by oneself; with no outsiders present
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
having enough of (food, drink, etc.); having one's fill; fully enjoying
Kurea; Clair; Claire; Clare (Ireland)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
study; diligence; discount; reduction
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
two persons; two people; pair; couple
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
minimum; at the very least
to take lessons in; to be taught; to learn (from a teacher); to study (under a teacher); to get training in
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
to become familiar with; to fit in; to adapt oneself; to get used to; to grow accustomed to
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
results; record; grades; marks
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial