due form; official; formality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to exchange (messages, greetings, arguments, etc.); to intersect; to cross; ... with one another; ... to each other
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
fifth day of the month; five days
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at once; immediately; right now
royal castle; imperial castle
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
call; summons; usher who calls the names of wrestlers, sweeps the ring, etc.; telephone number at which a person without a telephone can be reached; (arch.) box-shaped area containing clean water for rinsing oneself (in an Edo-period bathhouse); (arch.) high-ranking prostitute in the Yoshiwara district (Edo period); (arch.) unlicensed prostitute in the Fukagawa red-light district (Edo period)
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
to board; to embark on; to get into (a car); to march into; to enter
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to obey respectfully; to humble oneself; to sit straight (upright, respectfully, attentively)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
style; manner; way; after (period of time) again (e.g. meeting again after a year); for the first time in (period of time)
another meeting; meeting again; reunion
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to apologize; to apologise
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
in that way; thus; so; so?
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
audience (with a superior, e.g. nobility)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)