year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
China; Han dynasty (China, 202 BCE-220 CE); Han (majority Chinese ethnic group); man
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
shaking; trembling; pitching; disturbance; unrest; agitation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
death (of an emperor); demise
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
speech; tongue; dialect; brogue; bento; Japanese box lunch; petal
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
while; during (the time when)
dispute; strife; quarrel; dissension; conflict; rivalry
outbreak (e.g. of war); outburst; sudden occurrence
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
empress dowager; queen mother
pushing; backing; boosting; pushing from behind (a cart, etc.); pusher
by means of; due to; because of; according to
accession to the throne; enthronement
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
emperor (of Japan); mikado
by the way; in this connection; incidentally; in passing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")