country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
incense variety used in kōdō (orig. from Thailand)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
treaty; pact; convention; agreement
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to discuss; to talk together
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
at first; at the outset; to begin with; as a first step
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
messenger; envoy; emissary
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
peace conference; peace talks
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
fixed date; appointed day
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
meeting; assembly; association; conjunction
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
attendance; presence; appearance
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
accompanying; travelling together; traveling together; same bank
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)