indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
that day; the very same day
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
counter for large animals (e.g. head of cattle); counter for insects in a collection; counter for helmets, masks, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
to carve; to engrave; to sculpt; to tattoo
prop; stay; support; brace; fulcrum
to support; to prop; to sustain; to hold at bay; to stem; to check
to lie down; to stretch out; to lie ahead (of danger, difficulty, etc.); to lie in wait
heavy (feeling, etc.); gloomy (weather, etc.); oppressive (atmosphere, etc.); stifling; strained
old-fashioned; ancient-looking; time-worn
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to light (a candle, lamp, etc.); to turn on (a light)
swaying; swinging; rocking; shaking; wavering; flickering
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to shake; to sway; to waver
(medical) treatment; care; therapy; cure; remedy
fat; thick; deep (of a voice); thick; daring; shameless
medicine; the healing art; healing; doctor
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
already; now; no longer; not any more
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
turbidity; cloudiness (of a liquid); opacity; disorder; chaos
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
to gather; to collect; to assemble
prime minister; premier; chancellor
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)