country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
imagination; supposition; guess
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
lapis lazuli blue; bright blue; azure
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
wooden; made of wood; wooden construction
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
maintenance; servicing; putting in place; development; improvement
stone paving; cobble paving; stone steps; check (pattern); pavé (rectangular dessert, usu. made from chocolate or several layers of sponge cake)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
each house; every house; many houses
edge of the eaves; house frontage
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
garden lantern; hanging lantern
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
cloth; fabric; material; bujian (spade-shaped bronze coin of ancient China)
decoration; ornament; trimmings
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
bright and beautiful; gorgeous; showy; prosperous; flourishing; thriving
until now; till now; up to now; up to the present; so far
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
to compare; to make a comparison (between); to compete (on); to measure (one's strength, ability, etc. against another's)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
dramatic (improvement); remarkable (difference); marked; (far) better; exceptional
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
people; men and women; each person; everybody
(sound of) footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
bustling; busy; crowded; lively (party, voices, etc.); loud; noisy
speaking voice; talking voice
inside a car (train, bus, etc.)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be heard; to be audible; to sound (like); to come across (as); to be well known; to be famous