indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
playing; play (margin between on and off, gap before pressing button or lever has an effect)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
while; even though; despite
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine