indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indication; expression; display; displaying; representation; (copyright) attribution
ranking; toplist (e.g. of WWW sites)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
valuation; appraisal; evaluation; appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement
creator (of a work); author; writer; artist; composer; playwright
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
outline; summary; argument
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
contribution (to a newspaper, magazine, etc.); submission; post (on a blog, social media, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
serialization; serialisation; serial story
tag; label; game of tag; tag-team match; working together as a team
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at