to be born again; to make a fresh start in life
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
women's language; word used by women
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
elder sister; effeminate man
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
in that case; (might not be what was expected or hoped for but) if that's the case
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
transmigration; reincarnation; metempsychosis
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to play with (a toy, one's hair, etc.); to fiddle with; to toy with (one's emotions, etc.); to trifle with; to do with something as one pleases; to appreciate
while; during; while; although; all; both
this world; this life; this generation; present day
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
to lend; to loan; to rent out; to hire out
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
family; clan; sect; school; group of related sumo stables
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
admiration; being impressed; admirable; praiseworthy; astonishment; being appalled
remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
gray or silver haired (grey)