indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
writing; composition; essay; sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
opinion; point of view; visual point
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
descriptive (narrative) part
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
copy (of the real thing); copying; reproduction; tracing
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
depiction; description; portrayal
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
expression; presentation; representation; notation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing