indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
readership; target audience (of a magazine)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
classification; categorization; sorting
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
please (give me); please (do for me)
pure literature; belles-lettres
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
network; Internet; net (hair, netball, etc.); net (price, weight, etc.); nett