indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
course (e.g. of lectures); academic university unit (professor, lecturers, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
thoroughness; completeness; consistency; thorough enforcement; seeing to it that a policy, etc. is carried out without exception
renewal; update; innovation; improvement
way of writing; manner of writing; penmanship (esp. used in old textbooks); calligraphy; format (e.g. of a report); stroke order of a character
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
while; during; while; although; all; both
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
time; hour; period; class
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
please (give me); please (do for me)
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
valuation; appraisal; evaluation; appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement
happiness; blessedness; luck; luckily; fortunately